Childhood Obesity Essay - 955 Words

Do you get enough exercise? Are you sure about that? Or how about this, are you overweight, do you even know? Today’s adolescents don’t. In fact today’s adolescents face serious risk from their lack of activity. Today’s children are obese because they have developed some very bad habits related to healthy living and as result can suffer serious physical and psychological damage. Perhaps the most damaging health habit kids today have is their complete and total lack of exercise. Children today are more inclined to a sedentary behavior. Movies, television, the Internet, etc. are all magnets for kids, and while these mediums of entertainment aren’t altogether â€Å"evil† they can breed docile attitudes. If too much time is spent watching†¦show more content†¦Although an unhealthy diet is never a good thing, even with a moderate amount of exercise adolescents can effectively fend off obesity and the negative affects that follow. On the other hand, not all cases of childhood obesity are a result of external forces. In some cases a child’s problem with their weight is mainly a genetic problem. In this case even the healthiest of habits may not be enough to prevent a child from becoming obese. (American Obesity Association) Yet the dramatic increase of overweight adolescents in the past few decades has clearly not been a result of genetics, but rather has in fact been do to poor health habits. Sadly, childhood obesity has more damaging effects than just what is visible on the exterior. When children become overweight they put themselves at great risk for certain conditions that were once thought to be rare in children, these conditions include type 2 diabetes, asthma, and hypertension. Other conditions include orthopedic damage, like stress on the joints caused by excess weight and skin damage like heat rashes and monilial dermatitis. As well, children and adolescents who are obese put themselves at risk of becoming obese adults. Overweight adults are at an even greater risk to suffer from potentially life threatening conditions such as heart disease, high blood pressure and certain forms of cancer. Overweight adults are also at risk for type 2 diabetes.Show MoreRelatedChildhood Obesity : A Obesity1247 Words   |  5 PagesChildhood Obesity: A Review to Prevent the Risk Factors of Childhood Obesity in Our Community. The rates of childhood obesity Worldwide are alarmingly high! Obesity is a global nutritional concern and leads to horrible consequences on our children and becomes a worldwide pandemic. Worldwide estimates of obesity are as high as 43 million, and rates continue to increase each year. 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Education Values Essays - 780 Words

Discussions on particular educational curricular issues or programs reflect not only educational values but societal values as well. Three areas in particular that have been eliciting much discussion are bilingual education programs, services within schools for gay and lesbian students, and inclusion of multicultural curricula. Among each of these programs, questions have been raised about their relativity to education and the comprehensive research to prove that these programs are beneficial to students. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Bilingual education is a fairly new program, in which foreign-born students learn English for one period during the day while all their other classes are taught in their native tongue (Holloway). This†¦show more content†¦This type of scenario is also evident in high schools when it comes to services for gay and lesbian students. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;At several high schools in Westchester County, homosexual students have chosen home schooling in order to avoid taunting and harassing school days (Lombardi). Although many schools have formed â€Å"tolerance clubs† and â€Å"diversity club† students still feel that change is coming very slowly. Homophobic comments ring throughout the hallways, but little is done to prevent it, especially when teachers refrain from doing anything about it. Students feel that toleration of these anti-gay slurs have driven them to dreading going to school because they are having a sense of isolation (Lombardi). On the other hand, many clubs have flourished in the past year, and are beginning to see more and more straight students attending. 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Osteology Estimating Femur Length from the Diameter of the Femoral Shaft Free Essays

string(135) " for males and females on the advice of Trotter and Gleser \(1952\) who state the specificity of such measurements in relation to sex\." School of Biological Earth Sciences BIEGN3005 Honours Project March 2010 Student name: Stephen Dempsey Supervisor name: Professor Alan Turner Estimating femur length from the diameter of the femoral shaft Stephen Dempsey BIEGN300 Honours Project Person Number: 343106 Submission Date: 5th March 2010 Abstract Bone lengths can be used to provide stature estimations in case of unidentified skeletal remains, an important tool in forensic and bioarchaelogical cases. Where the bones are broken or fragmented, regression equations can be used to estimate total bone length from its fragments, which in turn can be used to estimate stature. The aim of this study was to test 2 new measurements of the femoral shaft to see if they could be used as predictors of maximum femoral length. We will write a custom essay sample on Osteology: Estimating Femur Length from the Diameter of the Femoral Shaft or any similar topic only for you Order Now The minimum transverse femoral shaft diameter and the minimum anterior-posterior femoral shaft where measured on a small sample of an archaeological population from Poulton, Cheshire, along with the maximum femur length for each sample. Simple linear regression analysis was performed and the results showed that the minimum transverse femoral shaft diameter correlated significantly in both males (R2=. 635, p=0. 006) and females (R2=0. 8, p=? 0. 001) with maximum femur length. The minimum anterior-posterior femoral shaft diameter showed no significant correlation with maximum femur length. Subsequently, regression equations were presented for the significant correlations. Further research is needed to validate the results and to improve the accuracy of the method. 1. Introduction The role of a forensic anthropologist in forensic and archaeological cases is to establish demographics (population affinity, age, sex and stature), time since death and cause of death from an individual†™s remains (Chibba et al, 2006). The use of stature as a biological characteristic of identity can significantly contribute to the identification of unknown skeletal remains. Numerous areas of the skeleton have been used to try and determine an individual’s living height such as the upper limb bones (Rao et al. 1989), lower limb bones (Trotter and Gleeson, 1952), the metatarsals (Cordiero et al, 2009) and the skull (Ryan and Bidmos, 2007). Hauser et al. (2005) provide a good review of the past research in the area of stature estimation. One of the methods used in the estimation of stature is the formulation of regression equations from measurements of various bone lengths. Pearson (1899) was the first to derive regression equations for estimating stature, and since then it has grown to be the method of choice among most anthropologists. Many of the methods used to approximate stature require complete or near complete bones, so consequently few studies have been done on incomplete or fragmentary bones (Bidmos, 2008). Forensic anthropologists are often confronted with fragmented bones and in these cases it is impossible to derive regression equations directly from bone length (Rao et al. 989). Wright and Vasquez (2003) state the problems they faced in Guatemala in which they were often unable to estimate stature from bone length due to the rapid deterioration of bone in the tropical environment. This is only one of many factors that lead to the all too frequent recovery of broken or fragmented remains. Therefore it is beneficial to have equations available for bone length or stature derived from measurements of smaller segments or landmarks on the chosen bone. The femur is the favoured bone of use among anthropologists in estimating stature, due to its high correlation with height in addition to the fact that it is one of bones most often recovered (Simmons et al. 1990). A number of measurements of the femur have already been reported to have good correlations with femur length. Many of these measurements focus on the proximal and distal ends of the femur such as the upper epicondylar length, epicondylar breath, vertical neck diameter and the bicondylar breathe (Brauer, 1988), yet few have focused on measurements of the femoral shaft. This pilot study looks to test the validity of 2 measurements from the femoral shaft as predictors of maximum femoral length. The points of reference chose on the femur are the minimum transverse femoral shaft diameter (TRD) and the minimum anterior-posterior diameter (APD) of the femoral shaft. The samples being used are that of an archaeological population recovered from a medieval cemetery in Poulton, Cheshire. The aim is to use linear regression analysis to test the assumption that there is a significant correlation between these measurements and the maximum femoral length. A further aim is to produce regression equations that can be used on other skeletal remains from the Poulton collection for estimating maximum femur length. 2. Materials and Methods 2. 1 Samples The samples used in this study were obtained from the Poulton collection housed at Liverpool John Morres University. Due to the small size of the collection at present and the poor condition of some of the bones, a total number of 18 left sided femora were selected for use in the study. These femora were chosen on the basis of completeness and measurability. All the samples were obtained from adults skeletal remains and the number of male and females femora was 10 and 8 respectively. 2. 2 Measurements The following 3 measurements were taken on each of the 18 samples: i. Maximum length of the femur (MAXL) ii. Minimum anterior-posterior femoral shaft diameter (APD) iii. Minimum transverse femoral shaft diameter (TRD) The MAXL measurement was taken as described by Brauer (1988). The APD and TRD measurements were taken as described by Ziylin and Mursid (2002). The MAXL was measured using an osteometric board. The APD and TRD were measured using a sliding callipers with an accuracy of 0. 1 mm. Linear regression analysis was carried using the SPSS statistic program to see if any correlation existed between the measurements taken of the femoral shaft (APD and TRD) and the maximum length of the femur. All analysis was carried out separately for males and females on the advice of Trotter and Gleser (1952) who state the specificity of such measurements in relation to sex. You read "Osteology: Estimating Femur Length from the Diameter of the Femoral Shaft" in category "Essay examples" 3. Results The descriptive statistics for males and females are shown in Table 1. Males showed the highest mean values of each of the 3 measurements taken. Males also showed the higher standard deviations in respect to MAXL and APD, with females showing a higher standard deviation for TRD. Table 1 Descriptive statistics for measurements of male and female left femora. All descriptive values are given in mm. Measurements| Male| Female| | N| Mean| Std. dev| N| Mean | Std. dev| MAXL| 10| 466. 60| 16. 965| 8| 429. 13| 11. 643| TRD| 10| 27. 910| 1. 365| 8| 24. 725| 1. 752| APD| 10| 28. 190| 2. 497| 8| 27. 138| 1. 840| Table 2 shows the results of the linear regression analysis that was performed. Both APD and TRD were regressed against MAXL according to sex. The analysis showed that the variable APD showed no significant correlation to MAXL for males (R2=0. 154, P=0. 262) or females (R2=0. 044, P=0. 619). TRD provided more positive results showing a moderate significant correlation in respect to males (R2=0. 635, P=0. 006), and a strong significant correlation in respect to females (R2=0. 88, P=0. 001). Scatter plots (Figure 1. and Figure 2. ) show the distribution of the TRD among males and females along the line of regression. These graphs add weight to the correlations presented in Table 3 in that it is clear the females fit line of regression better than the males. Regression equations for estimating MAXL from measurements of TRD are provided in Table 3. The standard error of the estimates is also shown in Table 3, which is considerably lower in females. Due to this lack any significant correlation for the APD measurement it was decided that it would be irrelevant to perform multiple regression analysis using both the TRD and APD variables. As a result no regression equations were computed for APD. Table 2 Results of linear regression analysis of MAXL (dependant value) against TRD (independent value) and MAXL (dependant value) and APD (independent value) for males and females. Significance is reported at the 5% level. Measurements| Male| Female| | B*| Sig(B)*| R2| F-value| P-value| B*| Sig(B)*| R2| F-Value| P-Value| APD| 2. 668| 0. 262| 0. 154| 1. 459| 0. 262| 1. 322| 0. 619| 0. 044| 0. 274| 0. 619| TRD| 9. 91| 0. 006| 0. 635| 2. 895| 0. 006| 6. 234| ? 0. 001| 0. 88| 42. 810| ? 0. 001| * B – Slope of the regression line Sig (B)* – Signification of the slope in relation to zero. 0. 05 = slope significantly different from zero. Table 3 Regression equations for estimation of the MAXL from measurement of the TRD. Separate equations for males and females. Measurement| Male | Female| TRD| MAXL=9. 91(TRD) +190. 1 (SEE* =10. 865mm)| MAXL=6. 234(TRD) +274. 990 (SEE* =4. 365)| * SEE – Standard error of the estimate Figure 1 Regression of minimum transverse femoral shaft diameter on maximum length of the femur in females. Figure 2 Regression of minimum transverse femoral shaft diameter on maximum length of the femur in males. 4. Discussion The analysis performed on the 2 measurements taken from the femoral shaft gave very contrasting results. It is clear that APD is not a reliable indicator of femur length with equally poor correlation shown for both males (0. 54) and females (0. 044). A contributing factor to this is the differences among individuals in the size and pronunciation of the linea aspera, a morphological feature of the femur that runs along the posterior shaft of the femur. Since the linea aspera is a point of attachment for a number of muscles, it can be presumed that intrapopulation variation in muscle mass and activity contributes to the low cor relation obtained (Wright and Vasquez, 2003). On the other hand the significant correlations (Table 2) show that TRD is a good predictor of maximum femur length in both males (0. 635) and females (0. 8) in cases where the femora are broken or incomplete. Therefore the equations (Table 3) obtained can be used to estimate maximum femur length and thereafter stature using the appropriate equations/tables/ multiplication factors available in the literature (Trotter and Gleser 1952, 1958) (Simmons et al. 1990). Some authors have argued that it is more accurate to calculate stature directly from bone measurements (direct method), rather than the 2-step approach of first estimating the bone length and then using that value to obtain an estimation of stature which is known as the indirect method (Simmons et al. 1990). Bidmos (2009) compared the 2 methods using measurements of the femur and found the direct method to be more accurate; in contrast to earlier work by Steel (1970), who found the opposite to be the case. Bidmos (2009) commented on the fact that both steps of the indirect method incur standard errors, hence increasing the overall error value. His results reflect this observation. Since this study is only focused on determining the validity of femoral shaft measurements as predictors of femoral length it is thought that concentrating on the direct method in future studies of the Poulton collection may provide more accurate stature estimations. Other factors also need to be taken into consideration before using the results obtained in this study. The number of samples used is considerably low due to the current size of the Poulton collection and the damage some of the individual skeletons have incurred. For these reasons it is impossible to tell whether the results accurately represent the Poulton population. For instance, in Table 1 it can be seen that standard deviations for MAXL is higher in males than females, indicating that there is a greater variability in the maximum femur length among males. This explains lower correlation obtained in the males samples when MAXL was regressed against TRD. A repeat of this study with a greater number of samples may further improve the accuracy of the derived equations (Table 3), particularly in males. Another area of concern is the population specificity of such regression equations. Ethnicity, heredity, climate and nutrition status are known to affect length of long bones (Prasad et al, 1996), which in turn affects stature. From this, one could conclude that the equations in Table 3 are specific to the Poulton collection and any attempt at using them on a different population should be approached with caution. In light of this remark it is also advised that equations for estimating stature from maximum femur length be produced specifically for the Poulton collection, as any of the existing equations may prove unreliable due to these population biases. 5. Conclusions This study shows that the TRD measurements taken from the femur is a good predictor of MAXL. This is confirmed in the results with the correlations eing 0. 6 (Table 2), P-values being 0. 01 (Table 2) and the standard error of the estimated being 11mm (Table 3). However it is advised that caution should be taken in using the results until further efforts are made to validate and improve the given regression equations (Table 3) with the use of large sample sizes and different populations. It can also be assumed that these equations are populat ion specific and may prove misleading if used on populations other than that used in this study. The APD measurements of the femur showed to be a very poor predictor of MAXL (Table 2 and Table 3). This has been contributed to the morphological differences between individuals in the linea aspera. It is unclear whether further analysis could yield contrasting results but on the evidence of the results gathered from this study it is advised that the APD variable be disregarded in future research on stature and bone length estimation. Acknowledgments I would like to thank Professor Alan turner for help in choosing the topic. I would also like to thank Colin Armstrong of the LJMU technical staff for his help in accessing the materials necessary for completing this research. Bibliography Bidmos, M. A. (2009). Fragmentary femora: evaluation of the direct and indirect methods in stature reconstruction. Forensic Science international. 192 (1-3), pp. 131-135. Bidmos, M . A. (2008). Fragmentary femora in stature reconstruction of South Africans of European descent. Journal of Forensic Science. 53, (5), 1044–1048. Brauer, G. Osteometri in: Martin, R. and Knubmann, B. (1998). Anthropologie: Handbuch der Versleichenden Biologie des Menschen. pp. 160-323,G. Fischer, Stuttgart, Germany. Chibba, K. , Bidmos, M. A. 2007) Using Tibial fragments from South Africans of European decent to estimate maximum tibia length and stature. Forensic Science International. 169, 145-151. Cordiero, C. , Munez-Baros, J. I. , Wasterlain, S. , Eugenia. , C. and Viera, D. N. (2009) Predicting adult stature from metacarpal length in a Portuguese population. Forensic Science International. 193, 131. e1 – 131. e4 Hauser, R. Smolinski, J. and Gos, T. (2004). The estimation of stature on the basis of measurements of the femur. Forensic Science International. 147, (2-3), 185-190. Pearson K. (1899). Mathematical contributions to the theory of evolution, in: On the reconstruction of the stature of prehistoric races, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, 192, 169–244. Prasad, R. Vettive, S. Jeyaseelan, L. Isaac, B. Chandi, G. (1996). Reconstruction of femur length from markers of its proximal end. Clinical Anatomy. 9, 28-32. Rao, K. V. S. , Gupta, G. D, Sehgl, V. N. (1989) Determination of length of upper limb long bones from their fragments. Forensic Science International. 41, 219-223 Ryan, I. and Bidmos, M. A. (2007) Skeletal height reconstruction from measurements of the skull in indigenous South Africans. Forensic Science International. 167, 16-21 Simmons, T. , Jantz, R. L and Bass, W. M. (1990) Stature estimation from fragmentary remains: a review of the Steele method. Journal of Forensic Science. 35, 628-636 Steele, G. (1970) Estimation of stature from fragments of long limb bones, Personal Identification in Mass Disasters, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC, 85–97. Trotter, M. Gleser, G C. (1958) A re-evaluation of estimation of stature based on measurements of stature taken during life and of bones after death, American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 6, 79–124. Trotter, M. Gleser, G C. (1952) Estimation of stature from long bones of Ameerican Whites and Negroes. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 10, 453-514 Wright, L. E and Vasquez, M. A. (2003) Estimating the length of incomplete long bones: Forensic standards from Guatemala. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 120, 233-251 Ziylin, T. and Murshid K. A. (2002) Analysis of the Anatolian hu man femur anthropometry. Turkish Journal of Medical Science. 32, 231-235 How to cite Osteology: Estimating Femur Length from the Diameter of the Femoral Shaft, Essay examples

Business Communication and its Importance for Receiving Skills

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Communication and its Importance for Receiving Skills. Answer: Interpersonal communication may be defined as the exchange of important information and details between two or more individuals. Effective communication skills are important in interacting with others and help in the advancement of interpersonal relationships between the speaker and listener. During the process of interpersonal communication, information is sent by one individual and received by another (Robinson et al. 2013). Effective interpersonal communication takes place when both the message sender and the message receiver understand the message and the output of the conversation is successful. Development of proper skills for interpersonal communication is extremely important. These often include active listening, proper feedback giving and receiving skills, maintaining proper body language while communicating, maintenance of courtesy and many others. This assignment will try to highlight how effective interpersonal communication is influenced by values, attitudes and self est eem. Values can be defined as principles as well as standards or qualities which an individual or group of people consider in high regards. Values are those attributes which help in guiding the different ways people lead their lives and take proper decisions. Values are attributes which individuals hold dear along with those qualities which those individuals consider them to be worth of. This is one of the most important traits in an individual that often influences his interpersonal communication skills. Values make people judgemental and thereby it has immense impact on the communication between two individuals. Values which are important to speakers may not match with the values of the listener and hence it plays an important role in interpersonal communication. Researchers are of the opinion that values dictate about how individuals should be behaving and therefore this procedure can totally modify the interpersonal communication skills of an individual (Rosenberg 2015). Values may be of two types. The first type of values may be explicit which are mainly stated overtly in value judgment. It may be also implicit which can be inferred in non-verbal behaviour. They are usually held or seen as a part of cultural system as well as pattern. Therefore an individual will often develop several cultural values which reflect in his interpersonal skill and thereby modify the communication that takes place between that individual and other listeners. Researchers are of the opinion that cultural values are also an important set of values besides personal values of an individual. Culture bound values are exceptionally important for intercultural communication. These values involve power distance as well as uncertainty avoidance (Mackie and Hamilton 2014). Moreover individualism versus collectivism and masculinity are also important attributes that come into play during interpersonal communication. Low and high context communication as well as immediacy and expressiveness, sel f disclosure and also emotional and behavioral expressiveness are important elements that modify interpersonal communication. In schools, colleges, science, business and many others, often people are trained to talk in third person and mention just about facts which leaves values out of communications. However, in reality, these result in less understanding of the messages and the messages are also not well absorbed. When an individual gets the scope of expressing values confidently, the words about new behaviors or alternative solutions not only surprise people but also help in grabbing attention. These value based conversation helps listeners drawing in and also earns their trust. Beside values helping in grabbing attention, it also helps in finding common good. When individuals talk about their values, they can connect with people and thereby find common grounds and build consensus. It might happen that likeminded people can often disagree of the various types of details of new initiatives as well as a proposed legislation also disagreeing and discussing how to achieve it. However, the same people can find common good when different principles are taken in consideration like opportunity, liberty, equality, family as well as fairness. Guiding values and principles can help individuals engaged in communication to find consensus which at a high level can open doors as well as minds leading to more fruitful discussion. Being relevant is also an important value in interpersonal communication besides finding common good. When individuals are engaged in interpersonal communication while speaking of their values, they actually speak common languages which are relevant. Researchers are of the opinions that connecting to audiences with the help of words, symbols, images and stories grounded in values eventually help in making new ways accessible and also relevant to busy lives of the people (Samovar et al. 2014). Researchers are of the opinions that values resonate in human hearts, minds as well as gut. They are of the opinion that when emotions and reasons collide, emotion variably wins. They are of the opinion that values work not only at the level of the mind but they also touch the emotional workings of the hearts and are expressed as gut instincts. Being honest is yet another value based interpersonal communication that brings out successful outcomes among individuals. When individuals are stating their values clearly as well as consistently, they automatically give authenticity to their words spoken in interpersonal communication. When individuals communicate about hat each of them stand for like the values that guide their businesses, their work life, their personal lives, the principles that they pass on the children and others, their words get marked by authenticity the famous cognitive linguist namely George Lakoff had already stated that A position on issues should follow from ones values, and the choice of issues and policies should symbolize those values. Attitudes are usually conceptualized by the presence of three important components. These involve cognitive, affective as well as conative components. They play an important role in developing interpersonal communication skills. The cognitive components mainly involve beliefs of different individuals about their attitude objects. The affective component involves different emotional as ell as evaluative reaction to that of the attitude object. The last one is the conative component. This mainly involves the behavioral intentions developed towards the attitude object (Prllas 2014). One of the most suitable example that can be depicted as a disruptive attitude during interpersonal communication is racial prejudices. Researchers above define prejudices in communication as a judgment which remains based on the individuals previous experiences as well as decisions. Prejudices in interpersonal communication may be of two different types which often affect the quality of the conversations between individuals. They are either positive or negative. Although prejudices can be determined as both positive and negative, there remains a high tendency of individuals to determine them as negative. Researchers are of the opinion that negative ethnic prejudice actually mainly refers to act as a negative attitude. It can be defined as an antipathy which remains based on faulty as well as inflexible generalization. This may be felt and expressed during interpersonal communication which may affect the opposite listener and may affect relationship development and bonding (Koerner a nd Fitzpatrick 2013). This kind of attitude may be directed towards group as well as whole of the race or even towards an individual as he or she may belong to the race. This type of attitudes is criticized ad therefore individuals should try to develop positive attitudes with equal outlook towards all which when expressed in interpersonal communication will bring out positive outcomes. Attitudes and perception also impact business communication in both positive as well as negative ways. Often employees develop extreme views and thereby fail to see others perspectives. They develop the attitude that the opposite person is wrong and therefore this attitude involuntarily gets reflected in interpersonal communication creating feeling of disrespect for each others. Again there are individuals with similar attitudes who inadvertently overlook instances of miscommunication. This is mainly because they develop the attitude that they are always in agreement with the other. Interpersonal communication may be affected by impact of pre-established attitudes. If one individual has a firm attitude about a particular issue, he is likely to communicate about it with a very strict and black-and-white perspective. If one individual is determined that starving is the best way of getting lean, then even most comprehensive and compelling arguments for the need of balanced diet will not register with that person as she had developed a pre-existing attitude. This affects proper flow of interpersonal communication because this ingrained way of thinking impacts the individuals ability to accurately and fully comprehend anything other than what she herself believes in (Greenwald 2014). Attitude of preconceived notions often affects the ability to accurately communicate in a given situation. For example, if an individual colleague comes up with an opinion of conducting survey to measure the needs of employees and the later employees had already developed a notion that surveys do not provide proper results, then the latters attitude will impact on the accurate and effective communication between both the individuals (Abrams, Zimbres and Carr 2015). Often attitudes developed form previous experiences can also affect a present interpersonal communications the individual may show judgmental attitudes towards the current situation. Another issue found due to improper attitudes is incomplete communication. When an individual leader is assigning new member of the team, his attitude may make him perceive that the new member is already experienced and can thereby provide best results. So he did not communicate with him properly by through training. This incomplete communication due to improper attitudes may result in loss of the teamwork and may affect productivity. Researchers are also of the opinions that overly optimistic attitudes assign can cause ineffective forms of communications. Often many individuals remain too casual with their approach and attitudes that do not care for reminders and last minute workers or unmet deadlines which are not met on time. Due to such attitude, communication may not simply register with him. Often individuals may have the attitude of always providing a conflicting in to every interpersonal communications and thereby people may find it difficult to communicate with civility. Often this results the individual in avoiding others and thereby limit all forms of his communication and interactions. This often leads to a variety of miscommunication problems. This is mainly because they would neither step forwards to clarify and solve issues or take responsibility for problems which rise because of their joint failure to communicate (Heiss et al. 2015). Self esteem is the value that one places on herself or himself. Self esteem help to understand out identity and develop belief in ourselves. It I how an individual feels and how he perceives himself to be. People with high self esteem are usually found to be more outgoing. Therefore, they are more willing to communicate and try harder to complete a task even for the second time after failing for the first time. As they communicate effectively, they seem to perform well academically and professionally. They remain more shielded form any from of stress and tensions. On the other hands, it is found that lower self esteem makes individual aggressive towards others which makes communication difficult with such person. Three important components of self esteem guide interpersonal communication. These are need for control; need for inclusion as well as the need for affection. It is not that the individuals with higher self esteem need all the three components in higher amounts but that they are more successful at meeting these needs through their interpersonal communications with the others in comparison to those who has low self esteem. Conclusion: From the entire discussion, it becomes clear that changes which we want to see can come from value based businesses and mission-driven non profits which communicate form their values. Different articles, speeches as well as calls to action which remain grounded in values help in properly infusing every activities and works with power and meaning. It also makes sure that the chorus of the voices is consisted as well as honest. Maintaining proper values in interpersonal communication ensure successful outcomes in development of relationships both in personal and professional fronts and help in enhancement of ones own personality. Harboring proper attitudes are also exceptionally important for every individual for marinating effective interpersonal communication. Improper attitudes may involve being overly optimistic, becoming judgmental, occurrence of conflicts, incomplete communication and many others which affect the communication procedure and failure of effective outcomes. Individu als who have higher self esteem can communicate more effectively than those with lower self esteem. Therefore these three are indeed important aspects of interpersonal communication and should be properly developed by all to achieve success in life. References: Abrams, K.M., Zimbres, T. and Carr, C., 2015. Communicating Sensitive Scientific Issues: The Interplay Between Values, Attitudes, and Euphemisms in Communicating Livestock Slaughter.Science Communication,37(4), pp.485-505. Greenwald, A.G., 2014. Why attitudes are important: Defining attitude.Attitude structure and function,429. 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